Isixhosa -One of the hardest languages on the planet?

When Black Panther hit the screens in 2018, most viewers were introduced to the fictional world of Wakanda and one language with rhythmic clicks and melodic sounds. For those who may not have watched it or are not fictional movie enthusiasts, imagine walking  through the villages of the Eastern Cape, you might hear the melodic sounds of Xhosa greetings, ‘Molo, Unjani?’ (hello, how are you?) resonating through the atmosphere, or perhaps some click sounds that would leave you fascinated.

Xhosa is one of the few languages with click sounds and is mainly connected with global icons like Nelson Mandela. In today’s linguablog, we’ll be exploring this unique language.

Xhosa, also called Isixhosa by its speakers, is a Nguni language under the Bantu languages spoken in the southern part of Africa, especially South Africa and Zimbabwe. Spoken mainly in the Eastern Cape of South Africa, Xhosa is the first and second language of approximately 19 million people. Interestingly, there are eleven official languages in South Africa, Xhosa being one of them. It is also the second most spoken indigenous language in South Africa after Isizulu (Zulu).

Rooted in a history that spans centuries, the Amaxhosa are believed to have migrated from central and northern Africa to settle in southern Africa. Xhosa society structure was initially organized in clan systems and governed by loosely connected chiefdoms (Inkosi). Over time, as these chiefdoms expanded, they intermingled with other groups, particularly the Khoisan. The Xhosa people began consolidating power and forming larger political entities, and they gradually transitioned from chiefdoms to kingships. This process also influenced their language because they adapted distinctive click sounds as they intermarried with the Khoisans. Today, Isixhosa has three types of click sounds, represented by the letters X, C, and Q.

Besides the beauty of its melodic clicks and poetic qualities, Isixhosa has a deep connection to culture. They have traditions like Ulwaluko (male circumcision) and wedding ceremonies which involve different stages like lobola (bride price). Traditional clothing for women includes decorated dresses with headdresses made of three different materials and different colors that represent their origin.

You cannot miss jewelry such as necklaces and earrings made from beads and long aprons over dresses is common among married women. For Xhosa men, wraparound skirts and cloaks over their shoulders are also an essential aspect of culture. The Xhosa names are also carefully selected as they reflect family history, a person’s life journey, and future hopes. Additionally, the community is known for its beadwork, pottery, and wood carving. When it comes to their cuisine, they often enjoy dishes comprising pap (maize porridge), nyama (meat), and vegetables.

Xhosa culture has influenced various modern practices; for instance, their language has been adopted as one of South Africa’s official languages and is taught in schools and universities.

Xhosa beaded necklaces and clothing have also been incorporated into South African fashion. Moreover, traditional Xhosa music has also influenced contemporary music genres not only in South Africa but also in most countries in Africa.

We also have many famous people from the Amaxhosa community, such as Nelson Mandela, the first black president of South Africa, legendary singer Miriam Makeba, activist Steve Biko, and actor John Kani featured in films like Black Panther, Lion King, and many more. Besides Black Panther, Xhosa language and culture have also been used in popular movies such as The Lion King, Avengers, Captain America, and many more.

In conclusion, the Xhosa language reflects the deep traditions of its people. Despite facing various challenges as an indigenous language, it continues to flourish beyond South Africa’s borders. Its distinctive clicks connect millions of South Africans and preserve its rich history and legacy for future generations. Although Xhosa is considered one of the hardest languages for non-native speakers to speak, it remains one of the most influential languages of Africa from the southern Africa region. I hope this was an interesting read for you.

By Dorcus Mmbone